ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™

ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ืŸืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื”

ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืืœ: ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜, ื—ืคืฉ
"ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง"
~ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืขืœ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™


ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™(Leonardo da Vinci, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื” D ื‘ืงืžืฅ ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื•ืืช ื” V ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื›ืœืœ - ื”ืขืจืช ืžื—ื‘ืจ ) - ืฆื™ื™ืจ, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ, ืคืกืœ, ืฆื‘ ื ื™ื ื’'ื”, ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ื—ื•ืคืจ, ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืžืืœ, ื”ื•ืžื•, ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ืžืžืฆื™ื, ืžื“ืขืŸ, ืชืžื”ื•ื ื™, ื’ื ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’-ื ืงืจื•ืคื™ืœ, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข "ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™" ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื.

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”] ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”

ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืžื“ื’ืžืŸ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืกืงื™ืฆื” ืœืกืจื˜ "ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง"
ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืžื“ื’ืžืŸ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืกืงื™ืฆื” ืœืกืจื˜ "ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง"

ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืื‘ื ื’'ืคื˜ื• ื•ืืžื ืžืจื™ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™. ื› 100 ืง"ืž ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ืืฉืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœืœืื•ื ืจื“ื•. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืžื”ืกืจื˜ ื”"ื˜ื™ื™ืก" ืฉืœ ืกืงื•ืจืกื–ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื ื” ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืžืžื•ื ืข ืžืขื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ืกืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื•ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื ื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื• (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ).

ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื’ืจื ืœืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•.

ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12 ืคื ื” ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ื™ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™. ื”ื•ื ืืจื– ืชื™ืง ื—ืคืฆื™ื, ืœืงื— ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืคื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืœืœืžื“ื•.

ื”ืžืกืข ืœืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ืืจืš ืœื™ืœื“ 5 ืฉื ื™ื ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื’ื“ืœ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืขืจื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื’ื‘ืจ-ื’ื‘ืจ.

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื“ื•ืŸ ืืจืžื ื“ื•. ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ ืขื ื”ืžื›ื—ื•ืœ. ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืœืžื“ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื™ื—ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ 20 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ืŸ ืืจืžื ื“ื• ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืžื–ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื• ืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“. ืœื›ืŸ ืคื ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื” ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง; ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืชื›ื ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื›ืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”.

ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืื•ืชื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ืฆืจ ื•ืžืœืš:

  • ืžืœืš ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื–ืœื“ื™ืกืœืื‘ ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช - ื—ืจื’ื•ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืžื•ื ืข
  • ืžืœืš ืœื™ื˜ื” , ืื™ื–ื™ืง ืคื ื˜ืจื•ื‘ - ื˜ื ืง ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ 5
  • ืžืœืš ืกืคืจื“ , ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ - ืื’ื•ื– ืงื•ืงื•ืก ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ
  • ืฆืืจ ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืคื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ - ืกืžื•ื•ื•ืืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ืงื™
  • ืžืœืš ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื’ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ - ื›ื•ืก ืชื” ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ืช

ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืกืงื™ื• ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื ืขืœื. ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื ืขืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื•ื”ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืžืžื•ืจืžืจ ื•ืชืขื‘ ื‘ืฆืข ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ื›ืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื”ืฉื—ืชื”.

ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืชื— ื’ื•ืคื•ืช, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืœื›ืช. ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 56 ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื‘ื ื” ื›ืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.

ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื‘ื ื” ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื:

  • ืžื–ืงืงืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช
  • ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™
  • ืื“ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื "ื’ื•ืœื 1"
  • ืžืกืจื’ื•ืช ืžืขืฅ
  • ืคื™ืฆื” ืขื ืคืคืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”
  • ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ
  • ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืขื•ืคืคืช
  • ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
  • ืจืžื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืจื›ื‘ื•ืช

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืืœื”, ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืชืขื•ืคื”...

ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 61 ืžืช ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™ ืžื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืชืข ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ ืœื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืŸ.

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”] ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื

ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื’ื ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืงืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ืช
ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื’ื ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืงืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ืช


ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืฆื•ืช. ื”ืžืจื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช "ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื–ื”" ื”ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืœื•. ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืžื” ื ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืชืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ . ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื“ ื•ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื’ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืงืจื•ืช. ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ "ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”" ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื”ืฉื—ืชื”, ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืชืงืจืช ื”ืงืคืœื” ื”ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื ืคืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ืœื, ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื•:

.ืขื’ื•ืค ืจืชื•ื™ ืืฆื•ื™ ื”ื›ื› ,ื™ื•ืžืก ืจืกืž ืืข ืชื•ื ื•ืžืช ืจื™ื™ืฆืœ ืฃื™ื“ืข ,ื™ื“ืž ื™ืฉืคื™ื˜ ื”ื– ืืœ ?ืื™ื™ื ืจืง ื•ืฉื™ืœ ืจื™ื™ืฆืœ ื™ืœื•ื .ื‘ื•ื˜ ืจืชื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื” ืืœื•ืข ืื™ืฆืžืž ื™ืชื™ื” ื™ื ื ?ื”ื–ื” ืงื•ืคื“ื” ื“ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื—ื•ื› ืœืข ื‘ืฉื— ื˜ื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื™ื !ื•ื™ืœืข ื“ืžื•ืขื” ืชื ื•ืชื™ื ื“ื—ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืกื• ื“ืฆืœ ืขื•ื ืœ ืœื™ื—ืชืž ืืœื•ืกื” ืœื› ,ื“ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื–ื›ืจืž ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื‘ืงืขื‘ .ื“ืฆืœ ืขื˜ื•ื  ืืœื•ืกื” ืœืข ื“ืžื•ืขื” ืจืฉืื› ื–ื– ื“ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื–ื›ืจืžืฉ ื•ื‘ ืชื™ื–ื›ืจืžื” ื”ื™ืขื‘ื” !ื‘ื•ื˜ ืจืชื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื” ืืฆื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื” ืืœื•ืก ืื™ืฆืžืž ื™ืชื™ื™ื” ื™ื ื ื•ืœื™ื ?ื•ืชื•ื ืื™ืฆืžื” ื˜ื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื™ื !ื”ื–ื” ืŸื‘ืฆืขืžื” ืืœื•ืกื”

ื™ื•ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™, 1514

nn:Leonardo da Vinci

ืžืงื•ืจ: http://eincyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A6%27%D7%99
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